The Addiction Of Methamphetamine Among Juvenile Essay

Introduction The addiction of methamphetamine amongst juvenile’s and adults has reached epidemic proportions that affect the individual, families and communities. Methamphetamine abuse has crossed all social economic boundaries that have negatively impacted law enforcement, social and clinical services. According to Anglin, Burke, Perrochet, Stamper and Dawud-Noursi (2000), methamphetamine, also known as meth, crystal, or speed, is a substance that affects the central nervous system creating a stimulant effect that can be injected, smoked, snorted, or ingested orally. Individuals who use meth for an extensive period of time tend to become addicted and will likely need to continue to use meth at high levels for its effects to continue to provide the euphoric symptoms and sensations. Anglin, et al, also describe methamphetamine as a derivative of amphetamine, this form of amphetamine was often used for medication purposes in the 1950’s and 1960’s to treat symptoms of depres sion and obesity. Durell, Kroutil, Crits-Christoph, Barchha, and Van Brunt (2008), also stated that illicit methamphetamine use is a public health concern in the United States with an increase use among teens and young adults in the 1990s. The Mental Health Services Administration conducted a national survey on meth use in the United States and found that currently as least a half a million of Americans used or have used methamphetamine. Meth use is an epidemic that is slowly becoming a destructiveShow MoreRelatedEssay Consequences of Substance Abuse at a Young Age899 Words   |  4 PagesYoung people are using mood-changing substances at an increasingly younger age. Persistent substance abuse among youth is often accompanied by a plethora of problems, including school related hardships, health-related problems, poor family relationships, mental health issues, and run-ins with the justice system. There are also significant consequences involving the community, and society in gen eral. Studies show drug use at a young age increases the desire to abuse as you get older. Society looksRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And Juvenile Delinquency1610 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is participation in illegal behavior by minors8. A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically under the age of 17 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. Juvenile crimes can range from status offenses (such as underage smoking), toRead Moreaddiction concept writing1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe War on Addiction Cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, alcohol, opium, tobacco, hypnotics, just to name a few. Addiction is a chronic disease that affects the chemicals in the brain. It dysfunctions the circuits in the brain that deal with memory, reward, sex, motivation, behavior, relationships and emotions all mostly resulting in substance use or other behaviors to fulfill those circuit rewards. This world is in a current addiction epidemic on drugs. Let’s try to understand addiction to make itRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned?1580 Words   |  7 Pagesdrugs. Ice the drug of choice , Senate inquiry hears. The Sydney morning herald reports on the increase of the drug ‘ice’. Amongst youths it is at its greatest increase as juveniles are able to get the drug for a cheaper price to alcohol and more easily. With about 2 per cent of Australians consuming the methamphetamine drug which is commonly known as ice, which has been reported as to be dropping in price and increasing in quality and the strength of the drug. The NSW police force had reportedRead MoreThe Impact of Drugs on Society3805 Words   |  16 Pagesgovernment resources and, ultimately, the taxpayer. This effect is the most evident with methamphetamine. Clandestine methamphetamine production sites have been seriously injured or killed as a result of methamphetamine production. (www.usdoj.gov) (p.2). According to the DEA, the average cost to clean up a methamphetamine production laboratory is $1,900. Given that an average of 9,777 methamphetamine laboratory seizures were reported to NCLSS each year between 2002 and 2004, the economicRead More The Existence of Crime Culture Among Certain Social Groups Essay3545 Words   |  15 Pagesstandards, with no chance of succeeding in the future. The anti social structure of cities also affects the why a boy and or girl joins a gang. The formation of gangs in cities, and most recently in suburbs, is assisted by the same lack of community among parents. While almost half of high seniors used marijuana at least once, thirty-seven percent said they had used it in the past year, and twenty-three percent said they had used it in the previous month. Strain Theory, posits the disjuncture betweenRead MorePros And Cons Of Juvenile Drug Courts1589 Words   |  7 Pagesalso assumed that the quicker treatments began after the initial arrest, the less time an offender would spend in jail, where there is a more negative environment and where drug use could possibly continue. There is over 2,000 adult and about 500 juvenile drug courts in the United States today (Shaffer, 2011). There is also a family drug court where parents can go to seek help when they are in danger of losing custody of their child, because of drug abuse. Drug courts are different from traditionalRead MoreDrug Abuse8640 Words   |  35 Pagesnarcotic and psychoactive stimulants forms the core of most popular music videos. Parties in metropolitan cities today are not concluded without the customary party drugs. Available easily on the street, at rates not affected by inflation, drugs are among the most harmful items on any individual’s shopping list. In the following report, an attempt has been made to discuss the causes cure for drug abuse. This report is intended for all audiences. Acknowledgment Read MoreThe United States Prisons And Federal Prisons959 Words   |  4 Pagesover 60 percent of American prisons. The majority of them are in jail for drug offences such as marijuana, cocaine, crack, heroin, and methamphetamine. More than half of federal prisoners are incarcerated for drug crimes in 2010, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. That number has only just dipped below 50 percent in 2011. Despite more relaxed attitudes among the public at large toward non-violent offenses like marijuana use, the number of people in federal prison for drug offenses spikedRead MoreEssay on America Home of Incarceration1968 Words   |  8 PagesThis helps the states and counties with overcrowding and the cost of taking care of the inmate while incarcerated. The prisoner that is on house arrest is also made to pay restitution for the monitoring. (Johnson James) Rehabilitation programs are among one of the most popular ways of alternative sentencing. When a person is convicted of a felony or misdemeanor drug possession or a charge of being under the influence of a controlled substance (including alcohol), many times a judge will sentence them

Prostitution The Practice Or Occupation Of Engaging...

Kevin Law Mrs. Molnar Period 1 AP Language January 20th, 2015 Prostitution is as stated, â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† (Google) Prostitution is a worldwide issue effecting the lives of many men and women, an ancient profession which has been dated back to 2400 B.C. It arrived in America with the early European settlers, however, Native Americans did not engage in this practice. Not long after flourishing throughout the states, religious groups fought for its prohibition guaranteeing it being outlawed in the early 1900’s. Prostitution is one of Americas largest unregulated industries and is continuing to grow. All but one state has fully made prostitution illegal and even then, in Nevada â€Å"the laws permit prostitution more by omission than by outright statements to its legality†.(people) The legal brothels in Nevada have strict curfews for their workers which are meant to help protect their prostitutes in times where being a sex worker is unpredictably dangerou s. Prostitution being unregulated can cause serious issues like underaged prostitutes and high mortality rates within the industry. However, it has become criminalized in our modern day in most parts of the world. This issue has been ignored for too long, and with many lives at stake, should not be overlooked. There must be legalization of voluntary prostitution knowing that if laws against it were not in effect, it would decrease amount of criminals, raise taxShow MoreRelatedProstitution Is The Practice Or Occupation Of Engaging Within Sexual Activity With Someone For Payment1592 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Leonard Territo and George Kirkham define prostitution as one who sells sexual favors for money, products, or privileges (Territo Kirkham, 2010). There are different types of prostitution: street, escort/out-call, and brothel. Street prostitution is illegal throughout the United State s and tends to be clustered in certain areas known for solicitation. Escort/out-call prostitution is where an agencyRead MoreCritical Analysis : Decriminalizing Prostitution1164 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 8, 2017 Decriminalizing Prostitution Prostitution, is defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, as the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Prostitution should not be a crime because it has no victim. The prostitute, is in no way, committing a crime on society. While nearly 200 countries around the world have outlawed prostitution, many countries such as Germany and New Zealand have legalized the act. Prostitution also brings in an estimated $99Read MoreProstitution Is The Oldest Profession922 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking into Prostitution women are usually thought to be the lowest form a part of the human species, people make assumptions as to why a women would even bother with the idea of subjecting herself to harsh treatment by others, people often correlate the idea of prostitution with human trafficking. That each of these categories are of association, prostitution is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† While human trafficking is â€Å"the illegal movementRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Prostitution1098 Words   |  5 Pagesworking within a brothel, from a state to the other, prostitution is an integral part of society. Prostitution is often referred as the world oldest profession (Forrest). For thousands and thousands years, humans have been exchanging money or material goods for sex. Throughout mankind History, set of laws has been put in place with the purpose of controlling and regulating its practice. But, it has never appeared to prevail over its illegal operations. According to the dictionary prostitution is byRead MoreProstitution Is The Practice Of Engaging And Sexual Activities With Someone For Payment Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution is the practice of engaging in sexual activities with someone for payment. Although female workers are more prevalent in this profession there are male that make up a small portion of those who perform this trade. Male sex works are often underrepresented in studies. Male prostitutes are categorized in four groups each of which different motivations for sex work have. Male prostitution is following the trend of female prostitution and increasingly moving online. Much like their femaleRead MoreShould Sex Trafficking Be Legalized?1644 Words   |  7 PagesEven though nearly everyone wants to have sex, not everyone has someone who wants to have sex with them. Lack of sex is hardly deadly, the urge for sex for some is just as strong as the drive to eat or drink. Just like humans learned how to trade for food and beverages, they learned how to trade for sex. Prostitution is known for being the world s oldest profession, but in several ways the trading of sex is a mystery, mostly in the United States, where sex trade is one of the country s greatestRead MoreReasons Human Trafficking Should End1144 Words   |  5 Pagesinvoluntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been dul y convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† Even though it states that slavery is illegal in the thirteenth amendment, human trafficking is equivalent to modern slavery and it still exist today in the United States. Human trafficking happens when someone owes money, is kidnapped, or tricked. Then those victims are sold into slavery to be exploited. The people involvedRead MoreProstitution : A Dangerous And Degrading Profession1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of prostitution has been widely debated across history. While many see working as a prostitute as a viable career option and a right that all legal consenting adults should have, many other see it as a dangerous and degrading profession that creates both a sexualized and crime-breeding environment. The governments of Scotland, the United Kingdom, and the United States have all generally taken stances that address prostitution in strict manner. While the approaches by which the US, the UKRead MoreProstitution And Its Effect On Public Health Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is defined as â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It is commonly referred to in the media and among society as the â€Å"oldest profession in the book†. This is easily explained by the ancient references that are present in religious tales of the Old Testament in the bible to modern day â€Å"red light districts† across the United States. Prostitution and its legality have always stirred up a mixture of emotions across countries, cultures andRead MoreReasons Human Trafficking Should Be Ended1147 Words   |  5 Pagesinvoluntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† Even though it states that slavery is illegal in the thirteenth amendment, human tr afficking is equivalent to modern slavery and it still exist today in the United States. Human trafficking happens when someone owes money, is kidnapped, or tricked. Then those victims are sold into slavery to be exploited. The people involved

Business Models for Sustainable Technologies-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Business Model. Answer: Introduction: The clear and concise way of picturing how a particular business operates is called a business model. According to Desyllas and Sako, (2013), the purpose of the business model is to provide the value to the customers and create a stronger proposition in the market where many other competitors are present. A business model is the means by which the value proposition of the business is translated into the potential in order to achieve rapid growth of revenue and earn huge profitability. The essay discusses on the importance of business model for a business. The essay shall support the claims with a number of examples of companies that have adopted the most suitable business model in their business. The concept of business model: As stated by Carayannis, Sindakis and Walter, (2015), the concept of the business model is to concisely describe the function of the business considering the overall market landscape along with the target group of customers. The idea is to understand the strategies of the business more easily that would eventually help to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the business model and help to find out better strategies for the particular company (Zott, Amit Massa 2011). There are 7 types of business archetypes that are found in a business model. E-archetype is related to the e-commerce activities or online activities that has become a considerable part of the business. In recent time, every company is going online in order to provide easy access to the consumers to sort and purchase product according to their needs and requirement. E-business model archetype: As pointed out by Maglio and Spohrer, (2013), technological inventions have provided better opportunities to the business organisations in terms of manufacturing as well as commercial activities. In fact, it has become important for the companies to adapt to these changes in order to survive in the competitive market where they operate. Keeping this concern into consideration, the companies are coming up with such ventures that would satisfy the need of the business model and would help the company to perform better in the business. In order to match with the changing market scenario, it is also expected to make changes in the business model. No problem in the business model is actually a problem. In addition to this, business innovation is also another aspect that can be considered as a powerful tool that is implemented in order to improve the business activities. In this respect, Schneider and Spieth, (2013) commented that technology is indeed a vital component that has geared up t he business of an organisation. While delineating the business, the managers identify better opportunities in terms of technology that help them to overcome the challenges faced by the organisation. Fig: E-business model archetype (Source: Maglio Spohrer, 2013) Business model as activity system: The activity system of the business model is termed as the way a particular company is centred towards its focal operation. The idea is to find out the business opportunities available in the market and make use of it; this might also include the business partners and the vendors or the customers of the organisation (Zott, Amit Massa 2011). There is no doubt that the activities of the firm can even span outside the boundaries of the nation but their independent organisational activities always remain core to their focal firm. The above mentioned models are actively used for the sake of improving the business of the organisation (Bocken et al., 2014). For example, considering the demand of a particular product in the market, the organisation can come up with better pricing strategy that would automatically reduce the bargaining power of the consumers (Zott, Amit Massa 2011). Fig: Business model as activity system (Source: Bocken et al., 2014) Business model as cost/revenue archetype: The revenue system of the business model is equally important while considering the profitability of the organisation (Zott Amit, 2017). The revenue model plays a vital role in the value appropriation. The aim of every organisation is to increase the profitability of the firm that would be possible with the increase in the revenue of the firm. This is largely related to the pricing strategy as adopted by an organisation. In the research, Gerasymenko, Clercq and Sapienza, (2015) identified that the business model of an organisation is also based on the bargaining power of the suppliers and the consumers. The idea is to gear towards total value creation for all the parties of the business. Greater the total; more will be the bargaining power of the consumers. Therefore, it is important to create greater value of the particular business in order to create a balance in the bargaining power of the consumers and the suppliers. Business model is also built on product capabilities, partners hip, the channels of distribution, cost distribution and even the customer relationship (Bocken et al., 2014). These perspectives of the business cannot be considered to be static and is in fact found to change often. Keeping similar approach to these changes, it is required to make changes in the business models accordingly (Kastalli Van Looy, 2013). Fig: Business model as cost/revenue archetype (Source: Kastalli Van Looy, 2013) Role of global managers in setting business model: If the application of business model in solving problems and issues of the organisation is considered, it has been pointed out by Brea?Sols, Casadesus?Masanell and Grifell?Tatj, (2015), that an effective business model is expected to adopt changes depending on the situation that the particular organisation faces. Thus, it can be clearly said the changes in the business model is inevitable and mandatory to a certain extent. It should fall under the responsibility of the global managers to consider the importance of the business model and make changes in the business whenever and wherever required (Bohnsack, Pinkse Kolk, 2014). Considering the global approach of the business, the managers also need to set the goals and objectives of the business venture depending on the particular business area where it operates and make changes in the business model. Keep an eye on the market trend and competition is what actually helps the organisation to survive in the world of business (DaSilva T rkman, 2014). Example of successful business model: An example of a successful business model can be stated here. The business model of Google is innovative and unique at the same time. The company has come up with the business model that actually does not sell a particular product or service but it provides space in an online platform and makes it available to the marketers (Zott, Amit Massa 2011). This space can be used by the marketers as well as the companies to endorse their respective products or service. The cost that the users have to pay is also minimal in respect to other forms of market and it provides the opportunity to reach out people far and beyond the boundaries where a particular organisation operates (Bohnsack, Pinkse Kolk, 2014). Thus, the business model of Google can be easily considered as one of the most successful business models that are based on certain goals and objectives and it is deployed effectively to achieve the organisational goals. Fig: Business model of Google (Source: Bohnsack, Pinkse Kolk, 2014) Conclusion: The discussion based on the business model and its various aspects have leaded to the conclusion that the success of an organisation is largely depended on the business model based on which the business is set. This model is constructed only after considering certain aspects of the business like the market demand and the bargaining power of the suppliers and the buyers. Technology and innovations have a vital role to play in shaping the business model. In the age if globalisation and increased competition it is indeed important to come up with a meaningful business model that would help the company to survive in the market. The concept of how the organisations survive even in the huge competitive market has been cleared by understanding the concept of the business models. References: Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, 42-56. Bohnsack, R., Pinkse, J., Kolk, A. (2014). Business models for sustainable technologies: Exploring business model evolution in the case of electric vehicles.Research Policy,43(2), 284-300. Brea?Sols, H., Casadesus?Masanell, R., Grifell?Tatj, E. (2015). Business model evaluation: quantifying Walmart's sources of advantage.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), 12-33. Carayannis, E. G., Sindakis, S., Walter, C. (2015). Business model innovation as lever of organizational sustainability.The Journal of Technology Transfer,40(1), 85-104. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: what it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), 379-389. Desyllas, P., Sako, M. (2013). Profiting from business model innovation: Evidence from Pay-As-You-Drive auto insurance.Research Policy,42(1), 101-116. Gerasymenko, V., De Clercq, D., Sapienza, H. J. (2015). Changing the business model: Effects of venture capital firms and outside CEOs on portfolio company performance.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), 79-98. Kastalli, I. V., Van Looy, B. (2013). Servitization: Disentangling the impact of service business model innovation on manufacturing firm performance.Journal of Operations Management,31(4), 169-180. Maglio, P. P., Spohrer, J. (2013). A service science perspective on business model innovation.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), 665-670. Schneider, S., Spieth, P. (2013). Business model innovation: Towards an integrated future research agenda.International Journal of Innovation Management,17(01), 1340001. Zott, C., Amit, R. (2017). Business Model Innovation: How to Create Value in a Digital World.GfK Marketing Intelligence Review,9(1), 18. Zott, C., Amit, R., Massa, L. (2011). The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of management,37(4), 1019-1042.

Road Not Taken By Frost Essays (245 words) - The Road Not Taken

Road Not Taken By Frost The poem "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost is about the choices that one makes in life. It tells about a man who comes to a fork in the road he traveling upon, he feel sorry that he can not travel both paths as one person so he must choose one. Frost uses this fork in the road to represent a point in the mans life where he has to choose which direction in life he will travel. As he thinks about his decision he looks down one path as far as he can see. This action shows that he is trying to fore see what life will be like if he walks that path. He then gazes at the other trail and decides the out come of going down that path would be just as nice. At this point he concludes that the trail that has been less traveled on would be more rewarding when he reaches the end of it. The man then decides that he will save the other path for another day. Even though he knows in his head that one path leads to another and that you don't get a chance to go back and do things over in life. The man then say that he will be telling this story with a "sigh" someday in the future. The sigh suggests that he will wonder what life would have been like if he had chosen the more walked path even though the path he choose has made all the difference.

Maven

Maven Maven Maven By Maeve Maddox A reader who lives in Cardiff, Wales wants to know more about the word maven: In the last fortnight or so I’ve twice seen a word I’ve never come across before (and I read a lot!). The word is ‘maven’, and I’ve encountered it in the self-development context. I’ve looked it up and it seems to have come into use in the US in the 1980s, from a Hebrew term. A post on this word would be very interesting.    The word maven- also spelled mavin and mayvin- is from the Yiddish word meyvn (plural mevinim): â€Å"expert, connoisseur.† The Yiddish word comes from Hebrew mebin, â€Å"a person with understanding, a teacher.† The earliest use cited in the OED (spelled mavin) is dated 1907. The Ngram Viewer graph (set for English) indicates that maven existed in print as early as 1809, mavin in 1813, and mayvin in 1879. The OED labels maven â€Å"chiefly North American† and suggests that its spread may be related to radio advertising introduced by a Chicago-based food company in 1964. The ads were voiced by Allen Swift, who was introduced as â€Å"the herring maven.† Note: Ira Stadlen, known professionally as â€Å"Allen Swift,† was an American voice actor who- among many other jobs- voiced Mighty Mouse and characters in the Tom and Jerry cartoons. Although maven is a new word to the UK reader who suggested this post, the first time I encountered the word maven was while I was living in London. I had a high-rise-dwelling friend who was referred to in a local newspaper article as â€Å"a rooftop-gardening maven.† William Safire, who wrote a weekly column called â€Å"On Language† for the New York Times from 1979-2009, referred to himself as â€Å"a language maven.† Food writer Arthur Schwartz calls himself â€Å"The Food Maven.† A Web search turns up a math maven, a makeup maven, a plumbing maven, and some sort of software â€Å"core engine† called â€Å"Maven.† Maven has joined the ranks of guru as a word for a wise or knowledgeable person. Related post Gurus and Other Teachers Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?For Sale vs. On SaleHow to Write a Proposal

4 Types of Business Writing [And When to Use Them]

4 Types of Business Writing [And When to Use Them] The world of business writing can seem vast. Each office seems to have variations of documents, each with their personalized templates and industry focus. Varying scenarios require varying forms of business writing. However, the innumerable documents can be distilled into to four main categories. Each category has its overall goal. Based on the objective, each of the many business documents falls within these four broad segments. This article will break down the broad field of business writing into four categories. Understanding these conceptual divisions will help guide your decisions about your document choice and goal. Style Reminders While the document goal varies, the core of business writing does not. Effective professional writing is written with a clearly defined audience and purpose in mind. This is results-oriented writing. The text helps the reader do or know something. The writing style should be written to be concise, relevant, and understandable. Excessive wording, jargon, or extraneous information have no place in any type of business writing. Each element of the document supports the communication of the purpose to the reader. Of course, good writing is free of grammar and spelling errors and inaccurate information. 1. Instructional Business Writing Instructional business writing provides the reader with the information needed to complete a task. The task may need be accomplished immediately or it may be for future reference. This type of document must break down a process into steps that are understandable to the reader. The written record must account for reader’s knowledge of the area, the scope of the task while integrating variations or potential problems. Examples: User Manual: a guide focused on allowing the customer to use a product. Effective user manuals are crucial to a good user experience and a happy customer. User manuals are often considered part of technical writing, which is closely related to business writing. Specifications: a technical document which provides an outline of a product or process that allows it be constructed or reconstructed by an unfamiliar but knowledgeable user, enabling effective distribution. Memo: a short notification of new information shared within a large group in an organization. The memo may include a direct instruction or be a reference on how to complete future tasks. 2. Informational Business Writing Not all business writing requires action. A large volume of writing is created for reference or record. This category can include some of the less glamorous but still essential documents. Recording business information accurately and consistently is important for marking progress, predicting future work, as well as complying with legal and contractual obligations. Report: perhaps the bulk of informational writing is report writing. Organizations rely on reports to act, to communicate business and technical information, to capture work completed, to record incidents, to finalize projects and recommendations, and to act as an archive. A well written report allows the reader to easily grasp the content and, if applicable, make informed decisions. Financials: documents that outline the financial state of a company. These statements provide a fiscal snapshot of a company over a defined period. Minutes: a summary of the proceedings of a meeting. A record of discussions, decisions, and assignments for attendees and others. 3. Persuasive Business Writing When people think of business writing, they often think of the persuasive writing category. These documents are generally associated with sales. The persuasive writing may be direct, with focus on a specific item, or indirect, with focus on developing the client relationship. The goal is to two-fold: to convey information and to convince the reader that the presented information offers the best value. The text is written to impress the reader and sway their decision. Proposals: these documents outline an offer of a product or service to a specific potential client. The proposal generally presents project overview, benefits, timeline, costs, and competency. Sales Email: an email written to a large number of people to pitch a product or service. Press Release: a text written for journalists and media presenting new information. The text aims to persuade the reader to share the content through their own channels 4. Transactional Business Writing Everyday communication falls under transactional business writing. The majority of this writing is by email, but also includes official letters, forms, and invoices. An easy way to quickly improve your transactional business writing is totake an online course. These documents are used to progress general operations. They are also used to convey good and bad news, often associated with human resource processes. Emails: documents used to quickly communicate information between staff or clients in business activities. Read our guide on how to write a business email here. Dismissal notice: this letter provides the official context and procedural details associated with employment termination. Each business document falls into one of these four categories. By determining the category, you will better understand your document’s goal. This insight will improve your writing.

Teen Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teen Suicide - Essay Example Teenage suicide is a voluntary move made by a person to end their lives. It is to be noted that teenage is one of the most common problem and is fast turning out to be a grave issue. Teen suicides issues are not something that came into news recently rather it is a common happening for some decades now. Teen suicide is the most common problems that is faced all over the world and it is one pressing issue that has been going on in regional, national as well as international levels. It is quiet shocking to note that teenage suicides are more in comparison to that of the adult suicide rates. Teens are not children and they are not adults as well which causes a lot of confusion and stress on them. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention carried out a survey on the top causes for occurrence of death. In this survey, it has been proven that suicide is the third most common cause for death all over the world. It is to be noted that homicide and accidents comes in the first two slots in this survey. Teen suicide is not only an emotional problem but with the kind of influence that it has, it is soon turning out to be one of the major social problems as well. Suicides in general cause a lot of havoc on the people who are related to the person in question and it opens up a lot of other problems as well (Murphy, 1999). Teenage and adolescents are the two most common age groups who are prone to taking off their own life. Some of the countries that records highest rates of teen suicide on a global level includes that of USA, Australia and also India. There are various causes that can be attributed to the occurrence of teen suicide. Most of the times teen suicides can be prevented by taking adequate steps at the right point of time. Some of the suicides are committed emotionally whereas some others are committed because of severe pain. Teen suicides can be categorized into different areas. Suicides can be avoided if the

Gender Policy Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender Policy Review - Essay Example Violence against women and girls is a prevalent and systematic infringement of elementary human rights and a pervasive form of gender-based discrimination (United Nations 2006, p.7). Statistics indicate that one in every three women has suffered the wrath of violence; physically, sexually, or some other way- most prevalently by someone she knows, inclusive of the intimate partner or another male family member. Violence against women and girls (VAWG) takes diverse forms and comprises of such acts as physical, psychological, sexual, and emotional abuse. Every day, worldwide, women confront gender-based discrimination including acts such as genital mutilation, forced prostitution, sexual slavery, and domestic violence. The analysis of oppression of women demands analysis of conditioning and socialization of individuals as the nature of economic and social utilization influences the phenomenon of violence against women (Heise 1994, p.8). In fact, women with disabilities remain predispose d to experience violence compared to other women and girls. Violence against women is degrading, humiliating, and belittling. Violence against women mainly provokes fear and insecurity, especially among the subjects and curtails women from leading independent lives (United Nations 2006, 28). Violence against women also increases their vulnerability and dependence. ... It is frequently argued that state and civil society institutions must recognize and accept responsibility for female subordination and desist from encouraging acts of violence against women. While the certain forms of violence against women (such as rape) can be regarded as widespread, other forms of abuse against women are specific to certain regions or countries (Leicht and Jenkins 2010, p.280). Thus, policy makers must understand the processes that propel women violence if those policies were to be effective. One of the historical power relations blamed for propagating violence against women encompass economic and social forces that propel exploitation of female labour and the female body. Economically disadvantaged women are highly susceptible to sexual harassment, trafficking, and sexual slavery. Furthermore, the denial of women economic power and economic independence is a significant cause of violence against women and lengthens their vulnerability and dependence. Within the family institution, historical power relations often play out (Leicht and Jenkins 2010, p.284). The family is a critical source of positive fostering and caring of values, and also plays out as a social institution where labour is exploited, and male sexual power is aggressively expressed. The family also sums up as a place where socialization that frequently disempowers women frequently features. In certain cases, familial expectations may camouflage or yield negative images of self that constrain the ability of women to realize their full potential (Leicht and Jenkins 2010, p.286). Gender- based violence can be regarded as flowing from the failure of governments and society to honour and protect the human rights of women; thus, policy makers

Bertrand Russell Essay Example for Free

Bertrand Russell Essay I should like to say two things, one intellectual and one moral. The intellectual thing I should want to say is this: When you are studying any matter, or considering any philosophy, ask yourself only what the facts are and what the truth that the facts bear out is. Never let yourself be diverted either by what you wish to believe, or by what you think would have beneficent social effects if it were believed. But look only, and solely, at what are the facts. That is the intellectual thing that I should wish to say. The moral thing I should wish to say†¦I should say love is wise, hatred is foolish. In this world which is getting more closely and closely interconnected we have to learn to tolerate each other, we have to learn to put up with the fact that some people say things that we dont like. We can only live together in that way and if we are to live together and not die together we must learn a kind of charity and a kind of tolerance which is absolutely vital to the continuation of human life on this planet.

Myriad Details of Black Holes :: physics science space

Introduction Definition: Black holes are rapidly spinning stellar bodies of incredible mass. A typical black hole has a mass many times that of our own sun , but the size approaches point density. For all intents and purposes, black holes are singularities, a fact that many physicists find contradictory, since in general the universe abhors a singularity. They are formed when a large sun exhausts its fuel and collapses to a very small volume. Of course, conservation of angular momentum and mass hold true, so as the star shrinks, it rotates faster and faster, and its density becomes greater and greater. Eventually, the star becomes so dense that space-time curves so much in its vicinity that not even light can escape. For more on space-time, click on curved space time at the bottom of the page. Black holes are fascinating phenomena. Only recently have physicists begun to even find proof of their existence, and yet their unique physical properties have extraordinary and galaxies-wide effects. The physics to truly understand the underpinnings of black holes have only been around since 1915 when Einstein conceived and presented his General Theory of Relativity, in which gravity is considered in terms of curved space-time. However, in Exposition of the System of the World, written over a hundred years earlier in 1798, Laplace predicted that masses of sufficient size would have a gravitational attraction so large that light itself could not escape. Stephen Hawking, the author of A Brief History of Time-- perhaps the most successful cogent popular science book ever written-- and an extraordinary physicist, wrote one of the definitive papers on the physics behind black holes. (and then interestingly enough, recanted his once firm belief that black holes even existed--at which time he married his nurse. Physicists are eccentrics in a long and noble tradition. Black Holes Collide "In a looming collision of giants, two super massive black holes are drifting towards a violent merger and an eruption of energy that will warp the fabric of space" Sound like science fiction? It isn't. The words above were written in an article entitled "Telescope Sees Black Holes Merging", by Paul Recer, writer for the online Yahoo Science AP. The article was posted November 19. 2002. The Harvard-sponsored Chandra Observatory has captured for the first time two black holes in orbit around each other in the extraordinarily bright galaxy NGC6240, a mere 400 million light years away. This is no stable orbit.

The Effects of Cultural Assimilation: Conformity vs. Unorthodoxdy

The Effects of Cultural Assimilation: Conformity vs. Unorthodoxdy â€Å"Cultural assimilation is a complex and multifaceted process that first involves immigrants learning the language, cultural norms, and role expectations of the absorbing society, and further changes in attitudes†, or so it is explained by Dejun Su, Chad Richardson, and Guang-zhen Wang, in their article, â€Å"Assessing Cultural Assimilation of Mexican Americans: How Rapidly Do Their Gender-Role Attitudes Converge to the U. S. Mainstream? † (764).Throughout history and also present day society, cultural assimilation is easy to be identified, thanks to the â€Å"melting pot† quality of North America. Also, cultural assimilation is questioned about the effects it has on various groups of immigrants. Effects, such as the loss of one's identity, the struggle to attain success in the new country, the loss of one's heritage and unique background, conflict between family and friends and stereotypical discrimination in society, are demonstrated in varying degrees by the past and present generations of immigrants from the countries of Mexico, Japan and the Middle East.Throughout history, Mexican immigrants have continuously crossed the boarder into America for the chance of a new life. However, coming to a new country inevitably has it's consequences, and the pressures of assimilation are always present. During a time of great immigration of European citizens into the United States, Mexican immigrants were not so much of a concern throughout the whole country.Katherine Benton-Cohen supports this idea in her article â€Å"Other Immigrants: Mexicans and the Dillingham Commission of 1907-1911†, by explaining that, â€Å"Unlike Japanese immigration in California—which had set international diplomatic maneuvers in motion, in this period ‘American officials generally viewed Mexican immigration as a local labor issue,' not a national or international policy questionà ¢â‚¬  (39). As a result, the Mexican immigrants were not so quick as to forget their culture, but as long as they were willing to work for small wages, this resistance did not bother American's.Benton-Cohen also points out that â€Å"While the Mexicans are not easily assimilated, this is not of very great importance as long as most of them return to their native land after a short time†(Benton-Cohen, 38). This resulted in the effects that the Mexican immigrants were unable to attain higher wages, or to gain success in America. However, new effects came into account as time went on, and more Mexicans continuously moved to America. Compared to past Mexican immigrant challenges, present day effects have drastically changed.As the population of Mexican immigrants has grown overtime, so has the attention and concern towards their living and adaptation to a new country. It is believed that in the article â€Å"The Kids are (Mostly) Alright: Second-Generation Assimilation† w ritten by Richard Alba, Philip Kasinitz and Mary C. Waters, that â€Å"In general, the second generation is doing much better than its parents in educational attainment and is less concentrated in immigrant jobs† (763). However, this does not justify the fact that the pressures of cultural assimilation are much more developed in today's society than in the past.Alba then goes on to point out that â€Å"The overwhelming majority of the second generation is completely fluent in English†¦ Yet most of its members have not reached parity with native whites, and many experience racial discrimination† (Alba, 763). This statement goes to show that the newer society of Mexican Immigrants find that resisting cultural assimilation, is a greater risk than when the older generations came to find meager jobs. Another example of the effects the newer generation must face, would be the struggle to be successful in school.In the article, â€Å"Immigrant Families and Children (Re) Develop Identities in a New Context†, the author, Mariana Souto-Manning, talk about a young Hispanic boy she had in class, and the effects of his mother's attempt for cultural assimilation had on him. When Souto-Manning meets to discusses the boy, his mother confesses, â€Å"I decided to give him an American name†¦ so that no one would know he is Mexican. So that he would have a better chance to be successful in school than his brothers† (402).Based on experience, she thought that by changing the boys name from Idelbrando to the American name Tommy, she could save him from the â€Å"cultural stereotypes that might hinder his schooling experience† (Souto-Manning, 402). However, she also left him vulnerable to the effects of cultural assimilation that are the loss of one's identity, and the loss of one's heritage and unique background. Idelbrando is not the only Mexican immigrant who has been effected in this way. In fact, it is common for many Mexican immigra nts to change their name, but it doesn't stop there.If the belief that cultural assimilation makes it easier for Mexican immigrants to become successful, then the immigrants would need to change much more than their name's; going as far as to cast their own culture to the side and fully assimilate to the American culture. Another example of complete cultural assimilation and it's consequences, would be in Joy Kogawa's Novel Obasan. In this novel, the main character, Naomi, and her Japanese family are faced with the discrimination and cruel treatment of Japanese-Canadians that was practiced in Canada at the time of World Was II.Still, throughout all the hardship and pressures of conformity she was faced to go through, Naomi managed to keep much of her Japanese roots that were apart of her since birth. At one point in the novel, Naomi points out the differences in her and her brother's lunches and describes,â€Å"My lunch that Obasan made is two moist and sticky rice balls with a sal ty red plum in the center of each, a boiled egg to the side with a tight square of lightly boiled greens† (182). In this description, it is evident that Naomi remains accustomed to her Japanese upbringing.On the other hand, Naomi explains that â€Å"Stephen has peanut-butter sandwiches, an apple, and a thermos of soup† (Kogawa, 182). Therefore emphasizing that, unlike Naomi, her brother Stephen does not hold strong to his Japanese culture, and falls to the pressures of cultural assimilation. Naomi then goes on to explain how â€Å"She [Obasan] mends and re-mends his [Stephen] old socks and shirt which he never wears and sets the table with food, which he often does not eat. Sometimes he leaps up in the middle of nothing at all and goes off†¦ â€Å" (Kogawa, 259).Sadly, Naomi's explanation suggests that Stephen has gone as far as to shun anything to do with his Japanese Culture. Another example of Stephen's reluctance, is when Naomi asks Stephen what there Aunt Em ily is like, and he replies, â€Å"She's not like them† while â€Å"jerking his thumb at Uncle and Obasan† ( Kogawa, 259). Additionally, this behavior is an example of how cultural assimilation can effect the bonds of family and friends, and cause conflict between them. While the percentage of Japanese immigrants traveling to North America is ot as prominent as in the past, the Japanese culture is still ever present throughout society. As well, after World War II, Japanese immigrants seemed less of a threat, and their cultural differences slowly became more acceptable among society. However, the pressures of cultural assimilation are not completely eliminated for this culture. People of Japanese heritage living in North America, today, still feel the pressures of cultural assimilation, but mostly in the effect of stereotyping.For instance, in the article â€Å"Japanese International Female Students' Experience of Discrimination, Prejudice, and Stereotypes† by au thors Claude Bonazzo and Y. Joel Wong, it is acknowledged that â€Å"Portrayals of Japanese culture and the Japanese in recent Hollywood movies such as The Last Samurai, Lost in Translation, and Memoirs of a Geisha might play a role in shaping Americans' perceptions and stereotypes of Japanese international students† (paragraph 5).In otherwords, they believe that Americans may get the wrong impression of the Japanese culture, which create false myths and unrealistic stereotypes for people of Japanese culture. Bonazzo then goes to explain how â€Å"Another common stereotype that Asians living in the United States encounter is the racialization of their ethnicity†¦ Americans have the tendency to lump Asians of different ethnic groups into one homogenous racial category by downplaying ethnic differences† (Bonazzo, paragraph 16).Thus proving, that although the pressure to assimilate to the North American culture is not as strong, Japanese immigrants are now pressured with living up to false stereotypes that the consequences of over-assuming can create. Before September 11th, conflict between the cultures of Americans and Middle Eastern immigrants, mostly were the result of their clashing religious practices. While America is a country of religious freedom, the most common religion here was, and is Christianity. Likewise, the common religion practiced in the Middle East is Islam.However, although it is legally acceptable for Muslim immigrants to practice their religion in America, there was still controversy as to the acceptability among Christian Americans. For instance, in the article â€Å"Islam in America†, written by authors Ghosh, Abel, Lieblich, Scherer, Newton-Small, Dias, Steinmetz and Ford, a Christian preacher, Reverend Wayne Devrou, claims that â€Å"The political objective of Islam is to dominate the world with its teachings†¦ and to have domination of all other religions militarily† (paragraph 4).This idea, howeve r, is not true, because it is often the case that Americans misunderstand the religion of Islam, and in some cases, it is the Christian extremists who try to push their religion onto the Middle Eastern immigrants. Gosh then goes on to explain how, â€Å"To be a Muslim in America now is to endure slings and arrows against your faith–not just in the schoolyard and the office but also outside your place of worship and in the public square, where some of the country's most powerful mainstream religious and political leaders unthinkingly (or worse, deliberately) conflate Islam with terrorism and savagery† (Ghosh, paragraph 12).This explanation illustrates the effects of Middle Eastern immigrants not assimilating, and the conflict is causes between the two cultures. Then on September 11th, 2001, the cause of conflict between Middle Eastern immigrants and Americans drastically changed. When a group of terrorist of Middle Eastern ethnicity, were responsible for the death of th ousands and the devastation of the whole country of the United States, an idea called Islamophobia settled into the minds of many American's.In his article, â€Å"Confronting Islamophobia in the United States: framing civil rights activism among Middle Eastern Americans†, Erik Love states that â€Å"Islamophobia’ is a problematic neologism, and the one that is currently the most common term used to refer to bigotry, discrimination, policies and practices directed towards Islam and a racialized group of people that includes Muslims†, which verifies that after 9/11 the discrimination of Islam is not the main focus of terrified Americans (402).Americans instead focus on the distinction of appearance that is particular to the Middle East race. Love also argues that, â€Å"Islamophobia, in short, affects a racialized group of people- Middle Eastern Americans- /that, like any racialized group, is in fact comprised of an irreducibly diverse collection of individuals w ho identify with many different ethnicities, nationalities and religions† which in other words means that not all Middle Eastern immigrants are a terrorist or a threat in anyway to the United States (Love, 402).In fact, when first noticing the presence of a person of a Middle Eastern race, for some Americans, the word Muslim no longer automatically comes to mind. Terrorist is the word that is now associated with this race, and because it all is based on the appearance of the race, no amount of cultural assimilation can extinguish this effect of stereotypical discrimination still present today.Furthermore, because the effects of cultural assimilation depend on the circumstance, the time period, the culture and the person, each output is different as to whether keeping a strong hold on to one's unique culture when pressured by a new environment is the right thing to do. Also, as time progresses, so does the idea that complete cultural assimilation is not necessary for immigrants to survive in a new country; and more people are becoming proud of their cultural background.In fact, on the website, Thinkexist. com a quote by Donna Taylor can be found to support the idea that our country is â€Å"†¦ no longer a melting pot where assimilation is the goal, but a great mosaic where each culture adds its uniqueness to make the whole better† (Donna Taylor Quotes). Finally, although Cultural Assimilation is still present today, there is less pressure to conform to one's surrounding, and overall, there is a more open-minded feeling towards the blends and coincidence of different cultures.

Include strategies Essay

Plan, implement and evaluate at least three activities for children in the foundation stage. You should ensure that across the three plans there are learning goals from each of the 6 areas of learning. Your plans should include strategies for differentiation.  Claire Field  Preston College  Introduction  The purpose of this work is to review the nature and content of the foundation stage curriculum and to consider the theoretical underpinning and underlying principles that have assisted in the formation of this early years practice. Through the planning and implementation of three activities, spanning the full spectrum of the foundation stage curriculum, the writer aims to identify and meet the needs of foundation stage children. This work will then evaluate the provisions for these children and investigate further the ways in which differentiation strategies can be implemented to ensure all children, regardless of their abilities, or stage of development, may receive the curriculum, delivered in a style appropriate to them and their own personal requirements. In 1988 the Conservative government, under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, legislated that a National Curriculum be in force for pupils between the ages of 5 and 16, because she believed that  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœa good educational system was essential for the future  success of the nation’ (Ridley, 1992, p92)  Although a curriculum was in place for ages 5 to 16, there was a distinct lack of standardised learning for the early years. Margaret Hodge joined the Department for Education in 1998 and was responsible for reforming pre-school education policy (www.news.bbc.co.uk 12/10/2006). She was actively involved in the implementation of the Foundation Stage Curriculum in September 2000 and the publishing of the guidance to accompany this. The abilities of children are multifaceted and the foundation stage curriculum gives practitioners a much less rigid approach than the National Curriculum, by following the children’s progress using stepping stones. As the foundation stage curriculum is a government legislated policy, this means that all children should follow it. As it is flexible in the way in which it is implemented, it means that different types of settings can fashion the teaching methods to follow it in their own way. This means that whether a child attends a pre-school, an LEA nursery, a work-based nursery, or indeed a childminder, they are provided with the same curriculum. This is governed by Ofsted who maintain this proviso through their regular inspections. Good planning is essential in ensuring that all the practitioners involved can build a picture of the children’s development programme. Not only does it provide them with a premeditated programme of learning, but it also gives an opportunity for discussion to take place, where they can think about how they can progress children through the various stages of learning. For the practitioner to ensure all areas of the curriculum are covered, the planning must,  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœentail attention to overall (long-term) planning, medium  and short-term planning†¦for every aspect of every  lesson’ (Cohen et al, 2004, p125) Long term planning ensures that all the areas and aspects of learning within the curriculum are covered throughout the whole year and provides a template for the medium term planning. Correct use of the Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage, together with the knowledge of the practitioners relating to the individual children, means that the children experience new and exciting ways to learn through play. The long term plans of the settings must be flexible. They should incorporate the schools ethos and provide for an enriched curriculum with scope for differentiation to allow inclusion. Medium term planning then identifies the specific topics of work to be covered over the term, or half term. From these the practitioner then sets out the weekly activity plans, to guarantee full coverage of the learning outcomes within the set topics. It is vital that the plans cover the whole of the six areas of learning and that the practitioner assesses the progress of the children, in order to make certain that they are all progressing to the best of their capabilities. Recording achievements as stepping stones enables early years practitioners’ to carry out assessments whilst the children are involved in activities, thus preventing the child having any knowledge that an appraisal of their skills and understandings is being undertaken. Planning and evaluating the success criteria of an activity allows the practitioner to be certain that every area of the curriculum is covered. Piaget introduced three principles of cognitive development and these apply to all of the subjects studied in this report. His first principle is assimilation. He says that children do not absorb all the information they encounter. They actively engage in the assimilation process and learn what is relevant to them at their stage of development. The schema stage is next. During this phase the children relate what they know already to their current situation. The third phase is where the child wishes to seek stability cognitively. He utilises the knowledge gained and applies it to make a general logical picture (Oakley, 2004). From this it is clear to see how the children gain the learning and knowledge applicable to them by interpreting activities in their own way.

Liquid Nitrogen Temperature

Liquid Nitrogen Temperature Liquid nitrogen is very cold! At normal atmospheric pressure, nitrogen is a liquid between 63 K and 77.2 K (-346 °F and -320.44 °F). Over this temperature range, liquid nitrogen looks much like boiling water. Below 63 K, it freezes into solid nitrogen. Because liquid nitrogen in a usual setting is boiling, its usual temperature is 77 K. Liquid nitrogen boils into nitrogen vapor at room temperature and pressure. The cloud of vapor that you see isnt steam or smoke. Steam is invisible water vapor, while smoke is a product of combustion. The cloud is water that has condensed out of the air from exposure to the cold temperature around the nitrogen. Cold air cannot hold as much humidity as warmer air, so a cloud forms. Being Safe With Liquid Nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is not toxic, but it does present some hazards. First, as the liquid changes phase into a gas, the concentration of nitrogen in the immediate area increases. The concentration of other gases decreases, particularly near the floor, since cold gases are heavier than warmer gases and sink. An example of where this can present a problem is when liquid nitrogen is used to create a fog effect for a pool party. If only a small amount of liquid nitrogen is used, the temperature of the pool is unaffected and the excess nitrogen is blown away by a breeze. If a large amount of liquid nitrogen is used, the concentration of oxygen at the surface of the pool might be reduced to the point where it can cause breathing problems or hypoxia. Another hazard of liquid nitrogen is that the liquid expands to  174.6 times its original volume when it becomes a gas. Then, the gas expands another 3.7 times as it warms to room temperature. The total increase in volume is 645.3 times, which means vaporizing nitrogen exerts immense pressure on its surroundings. Liquid nitrogen should never be stored in a sealed container because it could burst. Finally, because liquid nitrogen is so very cold, it presents an immediate danger to living tissue. The liquid vaporizes so quickly a small amount will bounce off the skin on a cushion of nitrogen gas, but a large volume can cause frostbite. Cool Liquid Nitrogen Uses The quick vaporization of nitrogen means all of the element boils off when you make liquid nitrogen ice cream. The liquid nitrogen makes the ice cream cold enough to turn into a solid, but it doesnt actually remain as an ingredient. Another cool effect of the vaporization is that liquid nitrogen (and other cryogenic liquids) appear to levitate. This is due to the Leidenfrost effect, which is when a liquid boils so rapidly, its surrounded by a cushion of gas. Liquid nitrogen splashed onto the floor appears to skitter away just over the surface. There are videos where people throw liquid nitrogen out onto a crowd. No one is harmed because the Leidenfrost effect prevents any of the super-cold liquid from touching them.

2 Forms of the Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish

2 Forms of the Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish Why are there two forms of the imperfect subjunctive, such as hablara and hablase? Do they mean the same thing? The -se form might be considered the traditional form of the imperfect (or past) subjunctive, while the -ra comes from an old Latin indicative form. Over time, the two verb forms came to be used identically. Today, with a few regional exceptions, the -ra form has basically replaced the -se form, and so it is the -ra form you should learn. When used as the imperfect subjunctive, the two forms are interchangeable. The -se form is sometimes known as a literary form because it is used much less, but there is no difference in meaning. Examples of the Imperfect Subjunctive in Use, Showing the -ra  Form Si fuera fcil yo tocarà ­a el piano. (If it were easy I would play the piano.)Espero que à ©l estudiara con cuidado. (I hope he studied carefully.)Le prohibieron que utilizara las redes sociales. (They prohibited her from using social networks.) There are ​very few cases where the use of the -ra form as an indicative verb form has survived in modern Spanish, although you will seldom hear them. In some parts of Latin America as well as some areas near Portugal, you may hear the -ra form substitute for the pluperfect (e.g., fuera instead of habà ­a sido to say had been). There are some speakers who use the -ra form of haber as a substitute for the conditional, that is hubiera conocido instead of habrà ­a conocido for would have known; that usage can also be found occasionally in literature. In these rare cases where the -ra form is used instead of the conditional, the -se form cant be used as a substitute for the conditional. It isnt important to learn these variations, but it can be helpful to remember they exist in case you come across them. The -ra  Conjugation Pattern for Regular Verbs -ar verbs: que yo hablara, que tà º hablaras, que usted/à ©l/ella hablara, que nosotros hablramos, que vosotros hablarais, que ustedes/ellos/ellas hablaran.-er verbs: que yo aprendiera, que tà º aprendieras, que usted/à ©l/ella aprendiera, que nosotros aprendià ©ramos, que aprendierais, que ustedes/ellos/ellas aprendieran.-ir verbs: que yo viviera, que tà º vivieras, que usted/à ©l/ella viviera, que nosotros vivià ©ramos, que vosotros vivierais, que ustedes/ellos/ellas vivieran.

RN Staffing Time and Outcomes of LongStay Nursing Home Residents Must Essay

RN Staffing Time and Outcomes of LongStay Nursing Home Residents Must be a Nursing Research Critique - Essay Example Moreover, this research highlights the inadequacy of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1987 whereby only 8 hours of RN care is covered, necessitating more political lobbying to expand the sphere Medicaid. Although this article provided impressive background information of the authors, not much of their previous works and field of interest were cited to back the general aim for the convergence of each into the overall principle of this research article. It would have been useful to know what other studies they have conducted in order to establish, if there are any, a pattern that explains why this particular research was engaged and therefore realize the connection of each of the authors aim. We are however left to assume that in consideration with their expertise, they are of the same conjecture as regards the necessity improve quality of care. The title in itself is already clear, in which there is no need to elaborate what the research wants to establish. The presentation on the other hand is a comprehensive discussion of how the authors derived the very core and tenor of this research, and they further elaborated the objective, methods of data collection, interpretation as well as the simple analysis of the data collected. Each method of data collection is defined in such a way that comprehension is established in the analysis and relevance. The conclusion was congruently presented with the intentions set to be derived at in the title. Problem/Purpose/Hypothesis The issues presented in this article define the adverse effects brought about by the lack of capable care provider in the aged facility, regardless of the presence of other staffs (i.e., LPN and CNA). The issue stresses that there is a considerable difference in the quality of care provided by the Registered Nurse (RN) as compared to those rendered by the License Practical Nurse (LPN) or Certified Nurse Assistant (CNA), in which their study endorses the advantage of the presence of RNs in the nursing home. The article further presented the incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers, UTI, malnutrition and regression in the performance of ADLs, consequential to the less amount of actual care provided to the geriatric patients. The problem identified by the authors were concrete and actual even in the medical field, with a hypothesis that can strongly argue relevance on its own, being that pressure ulcers in itself can be anticipated and prevented by proper nursing care. Although the purpose of their presentation was non interventional in nature, they author nevertheless extended their discussion on the etiology and prognosis of the health risks presented, being highly manageable and preventable. Review of Literature Extensive and informative resources were utilized to back the claims and contentions in this research, which only goes to prove the relevance and prevalence of the issues mentioned. A vast collection of other researches were referred to by the authors as well as complete and authentic statistical data from verified and reliable sources. It must be noted however that the legitimacy of this research is strongly supported and funded by both Abbot

Current HR Practices and Insights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current HR Practices and Insights - Essay Example The article shows that inadequate practices applied by OBM management led to lack of skills and knowledge among employees. A special attention is given to assessment, creation and sharing of information and knowledge. The authors state that learning strategies are formalized and structured by the goals, activities and culture of the work practice, just as learners' experiences in educational institutions are structured by those institutions' cultures of practice. Workplaces are often highly contested, with access to the activities and guidance required for learning not being uniformly distributed. Opportunities to participate may be distributed on the basis of factors such as workplace cliques, affiliations, gender, race, language or employment standing and status. Indeed, it could be suggested that, rather than being unstructured, workplace learning experiences are structured by too many factors. Instead, the kinds of activities engaged in by individuals and the support and guidance they can access in the workplace from other workers will influence the quality of learning at work. In this way, much of the knowledge required for demanding vocational practice can be learnt through work. The article provides a clear and detailed description of the situation and allows readers to concentrate on the best practices and solutions proposed by IBM team. There is long-standing evidence of the efficacy of learning in the workplace. Prior to the establishment of vocational colleges and universities, most people learnt their vocations through their work. The evidence also suggests that workers have long produced goods and provided services with limited technology and in ways that have required understanding and robust (transferable) procedures developed through their work. The products and services of craft and other workers require combinations of creativity and functionality. Many of the world's great buildings, such as the castles, churches and cathedrals of Europe, were built by workers whose vocational practice was developed through participation in their craft (Becker 1993). The article "Organizational Learning" by D. Cayla describes the role of permanent changes and its impact on environmental interactions. the author argues that learning takes place on the job and is structured, with supervisors having the responsibility for developing the work-related knowledge of their subordinates. Much of what apprentices learn during their three- or four-year indenture is also a product of engagement in everyday work practice. This learning often generates capabilities that are transferable across tasks and situations. Learning in the workplace cannot, therefore, be described as concrete-fixed and embedded inextricably in the circumstances of its acquisition. Instead, at least some of what is been learnt in workplaces is transferable to other situations. Learning can be independent and interdependent, with the latter probably best able to be achieved through guidance rather than direct teaching. It is also inaccurate to characterize workplace learning as concrete. Learning in any environment will be more or less transferable, depending on the quality of learning processes experienced (Bateman and Snell 2004). Therefore, the same claims about the structure,

John Keat's Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

John Keat's Poetry - Essay Example It shows that ripeness for Keats is both a varied and an ordered concept. Keats was greatly influenced by Hellenism and English translations of Greek literature. The ancient Greeks called their country Hellas and themselves Hellenes. Keats was a Greek by instinct. His borrow of subjects from Greek mythology for his Endymion and Hyperion is not as significant as his total absorption in the spirit of ancient mythology, which, indeed, is a kind of primitive poetry. The world of Greek paganism lives in his verse with its frank sensuousness and joys of life, with its mysterious oracular messages and eternal questionings of the natural world. With unrivalled felicity he recreates the blind faith and fervor of the ancient pagans and the sensuous character of their rituals in his Ode to Psyche. The faculty of imagination which attributes human qualities to the objects of nature is called anthropomorphic. In mythology, Indian or Greek, this faculty finds the fullest play. Keats possessed this anthropomorphic faculty to a very remarkable degree. He hardly ever remained long in the domain of the abstract, as it is found from his Autumn Ode. It is only in the first line that autumn is an abstraction or the 'Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness'. ... Keats possessed this anthropomorphic faculty to a very remarkable degree. He hardly ever remained long in the domain of the abstract, as it is found from his Autumn Ode. It is only in the first line that autumn is an abstraction or the 'Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness'. In the very second line, autumn is found conspiring with the maturing sun as a close bosom-friend. In stanza 2, autumn appears as a harvester, a reaper, a gleaner and a cider maker. These personifications are so different from the cold and frigid personifications of the eighteenth century poetry. Keats' autumn is like Pan of Greek mythology, to which we owe its vegetative plenty, its mellow fruitfulness, its familiar sights and its characteristic music. The three stanzas in Ode to Autumn show a gradual rise of thought. In the first stanza, autumn is viewed as the season itself, doing the season's work, bringing all the fruits of the earth to maturing in readiness for harvesting. In the second stanza, autumn, personified in a woman's shape, is present at the various operations of the vintage. In the last stanza, the close of the year is associated with sunset; the songs of spring are feeling of the continuous life of nature, which externally renews itself in insect, animal and bird. The close of the ode, though solemn, breathes the spirit of hope. Romanticism has been defined as the "Renaissance of wonder", i.e. re-awakening of interest in the supernatural. For the romantics, there are more things in heaven and earth than people dream of. There is a world of unseen behind and above the world of the senses. Keats was also fully indulged in that super sensuous world. It is the magic and mystery, the belief in ghosts and fairies, of the middle ages, that captivated his heart. The

The Four Different Spheres

The Four Different Spheres The Great Barrier Reef is the largest reef system in the world, stretching around 2300 kilometres. It is located on the North East Australian coastline and due to its area faces both positive and negative interactions with the atmosphere. The reef lies in an area classified as Australias Cyclone Zone, and for many thousands of years the reef has been struck by severe tropical cyclones, that have resulted in the changing nature of the ecosystem. The degree of impact on the reef is subject to the intensity and extent of the storm, though the overall outcome of a storm is damage for the living and non-living organisms like the coral. The damage occurs due to the large storm waves that are produced from strong winds and low-pressure systems. The forceful waves rip apart the more fragile coral and create chips and imperfections in the harder coral. In severe cyclone cases the cyclone can cause a whole reef ecosystem to be buried under sediment. Tropical cyclones also bring with them heavi ly-induced rain cycles. The extra volume of fresh water means that the salinity of the reef ecosystem is then distorted, and could affect the growth of the coral, as coral reefs are highly specialised and need certain conditions to thrive. The turbidity of the water can also intensify and result in coral bleaching. The atmosphere can also be a constructive interaction with the Greater Barrier Reef. For example in 2006 Cyclone Larry hit the shores of North Queensland and destroyed many homes and businesses of the surrounding area. The cyclone also struck the reef, but instead of causing destructing within the ecosystem, the cyclone prevented mass coral bleaching to occur by lowering the temperature of the water. Lithosphere The Great Barrier Reef is aided in its functioning and transforming by the lithosphere. The reef itself produces limestone, the exoskeleton of the deceased coral polyp. This limestone is then weathered down and reallocated by the 4 biophysical environments to other parts of the reef. The limestone is then able to create new landforms like coral cay. The limestone is also used as a defence mechanism by coral against the violent and erosive waves. Like all living organisms coral die and the death of one coral could mean the birth of new coral, as new coral will use the limestone structures created by the deceased coral to grow on. Another lithospheric factor affecting coral functioning is sediment. Sediment like sand can have the effect of clouding up the water of the reef resulting in increased turbidity levels of the water. There is then less sunlight penetration into the reef, affecting the process of photosynthesis and coral bleaching is more likely to occur. Sediment can also over whelm the coral reefs through sediment runoff. The sediment runoff could bring with it many natural and threatening chemicals that could harm the functioning of the Great Barrier Reef. Hydrosphere The Great Barrier Reef tends to have best coral growth when hydrosphere conditions are at their greatest. For example coral reefs tend to have optimal growth when wave energy is high. The wave energy is broken by reef through the seaward, and produces an area of peaceful, protected water behind the reef. The waters of the Great Barrier Reef tend to flow in a northerly direction most of the year, though during monsoonal, wet seasons the formation of the waters changes, and there is a reversal in the direction of the waters. This reversal allows for the cooler southern ocean current to flow into the reef. The reversal in water direction is a key component for the ecology of the reef. The waters that run from the north are warm and highly in salinity, they provide the reef with high nutrient levels and are major influences for the diversity of the ecosystem. Biosphere The biosphere element of the Great Barrier Reef is how the reef grows and obtains its wonderful features. One animal that has been credited for helping to develop the reef is the polyp. Polyps are simple organisms that have a stomach and their calcium carbonate exoskeleton. Within the polyp is an interdependent alga called zooxanthallae. The two organisms provide mutual benefits with the zooxanthallae providing sugars and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis and the polyp in turn supplying nutrients. Polyp regrowth occurs with the use of the deceased polyps exoskeleton. Although coral reproduction is different, where the coral will release their eggs into the warm, summer water, and instantaneously corals release mass amounts of sperm. The fertilised eggs develop into larvae and the larvae continue the reef-building procedure on the dead corals skeleton. The diverse range of species within the Great Barrier Reef also has an impact on its functioning. For example crustaceans a re great at executing the nutrient recycling role, while the crown of thorn star fish is known for attaching itself to coral and eating it to death. Coastal Dunes Atmosphere The four spheres play a decisive role when it comes to the structure, extent and the complexion of coastal dunes. The most pivotal biophysical interaction is the atmosphere. The atmospheres main components impacting coastal dunes are wind, temperature and precipitation, as well as climate. Wind is a major contributor to shaping dunes through aeolion transport, where sand grains are picked up and transported to another location. The amount of sand removed from a dune is dependent on the size of the sand particles, velocity of the wind, nature of vegetation cover and more. For sand particles to be displaced they must be of a certain diameter, around 0.15mm. The faster the velocity of the wind the more likely sand grains will be moved, as there is more force behind the wind. The type of local vegetation and amount of vegetation on the sand dunes also impacts aeolian transport, as the vegetation becomes a barrier against the wind for the sand, and the greater the vegetation the less sand taken. Through the vegetation the dunes are able to continue to grow and increase their diversity. Temperature plays the role of influencing the rate of sand dryness, and type of vegetation on the dunes. Temperature values also determine the functioning of ocean currents. As temperature increases the dryness of sand increases resulting in only few vegetation that are able to live on the dunes, which then affects the rate of aeolian transport. Precipitation is also an atmospheric component that impacts coastal dunes, through the level of rainfall. The amount of vegetation on dunes is dependent on the level of rainfall, with regular rainfall meaning a greater variety and denser vegetation, and little to no rainfall putting the ecosystem at risk, through the little vegetation to protect the sand from aeolian transport. Hydrosphere Hydrological processes are one of the most significant components on earth for change to occur. The hydrological processes that have an impact on coastal dune ecosystems include wind-induced waves, longshore drift and rainfall. Wind-induced waves are important for developing coastal dunes, and combine both the hydrosphere and lithosphere. When there are periods of calmness within the ocean, this means sand is able to be transported from offshore deposits to the beaches. This gives supply to dunes where the winds transport the sand. On the other hand when there are treacherous conditions in the oceans the waves become powerful and crash into the coastline with such force that there able to remove sand from beaches and foredunes. Another hydrological process impacting coastal dunes ecosystems is longshore drift. Longshore drift is the transportation of sediment by currents that are running at parallel to the shoreline. Through longshore drift sediment is able to be produced in one loca tion of a coastal system and then transferred to another location. Longshore drift allows dunes to be created by sediment that has been transported over a long distance. Longshore drift is quite common on the East side of Australia, with many of the islands up in Queensland having been made from sediment that came from New South Wales. The final hydrological process to impact coastal dunes is rainfall. The amount of rainfall has a bearing on the erosion of the sand. When there is high rainfall runoff starts to occur which in turn erodes at the surface of the sand, the surface is then vulnerable to the effects of atmospheric winds. Biosphere The biosphere influences coastal dunes through flora and fauna. There are three species to flora, primary species, secondary species and tertiary species. The primary species are those that are closest to the sea. These areas are only colonised by specialised plants that are able to handle salt spray, sand blast and strong winds. The main role of the pioneer species like Marram Grass is to stabilise any incoming sand. These species of fauna spread at a rapid pace, with strong root systems, and so their able to protect much of a sand dune from its various vulnerabilities. The pioneering plants as their referred to, are vital in reducing wind erosion and stabilising the sand, leading to a better functioning coastal dune ecosystem. The secondary species is the foredune vegetation. They are usually comprised of shrubs and small trees like the coastal wattle, and help in maintaining foredune sand mass. The tertiary species are those that go beyond the coastal moorland, like tall trees. Th e vegetation in this zone is protected from the atmospheric and hydrological processes affecting the ecosystem. The vegetation in this area is not fixed, with variables being the local topography and climate. The development of humus and growth of plants occur, the sunlight exposure and soil conditions start to change. When the soil becomes richer, it attracts shrub and woodland plants, thus changing the vegetation. This process is known as succession. Fauna on coastal dunes is not very evident. Not many fauna live on the dunes closest to the beach, as the conditions are too extreme for them to handle, with maybe only few crabs calling this area home. Along with crabs the only likely animal seen on dunes closest to beaches are striped skink. Towards the back of the dune systems an increasing number of bird species can be found. Lithosphere Question 2. Analyse the impacts due to both human-induced modifications and natural stress on both ecosystems at risk. How does each ecosystem adjust in response to natural stress? Coral Reefs Human Modifications Human dependence on the Great Barrier Reef has been for many thousands of years, dating back to the times of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. As human populations grow the demand for coral reef resources will increase as well. The main human induced modifications are over-fishing and tourism. Over-fishing of the coral reef often occurs when there is an increase in the human population, as there is a now a greater demand for seafood and unique marine life. Fishermen usually target those fish that are closely connected with the coral, like the large wrasses and snappers. When the captures for these species decrease, the fishermen then target all species of fish using more efficient methods of capturing, like spears or mesh nets. As they fish down the food chain fishermen bring great vulnerability to the coral reef ecosystem. Through observation and research its proven that coral with no fish are more prone to overgrowth by macro-algae and increases in coral diseases. There is also physical damage sustained by the coral, through the anchors, nets and traps, which ends up causing more complications for the coral reef. Tourism is the other major human induced factor impacting coral reefs, and especially the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism is a key contributor to the Australian economy, with one of its foremost assets, the Great Barrier Reef bringing in $4 billion a year. Research performed by James Cook University of Cairns found several comprehensive impacts of tourism on the reef. The first being coastal tourism development, where many people visiting the reef want to stay as close to the reef as possible. The coastal developments and building of groynes and marinas near and around the Great Barrier Reef disrupts currents and frequently gravitates to the displacement of sediment. There is also increase tourism on the islands near the reef causing problems linked with sewage and rubbish. Marine based tourism also occurs in the Great Barrier Reef with the anchors and anchor chains of boats having catastrophic effects on the coral, like physical damage. Although operators are very careful when it comes to tourist interaction with coral animals, some tourists negatively interact with the wildlife causing complications in the breeding cycles and natural interactions. Another human impact towards the Great Barrier Reef is land clearing. Approximately 25% of all land in Queensland drains out into the reef. The runoff is a major contributor to degradation in the reef, with agriculture; urban development and aqua culture all impacting the quality of the reef water. The rate of sediment runoff is dramatically increasing through greater urban populations moving to the reef and intensified agriculture. The increase sediment means in a reduction in light energy for photosynthesis to occur, resulting in greater disease and overtime the suppression of the reef. The increase in wetland clearing has also obstructed in the reef development. The wetlands provide many species of the reef habitats and nurseries. When the wetlands for example estuaries are destroyed these species will then need to find new environments and new nurseries disrupting equilibrium within he ecosystem. The wetlands also house a significant amount of water when heavy rainfall occurs. Wi th depleting wetlands this means more fresh water will flow into the reef having damaging effects on the salinity levels of the reef water. Natural Stresses Great Barrier Reef natural stresses!!!!!!! Coastal Dunes Human Modifications Humans have also have dramatic impacts on coastal dune ecosystems. The main reasons to human induced modifications are the ever growing desires of humans to live on the coasts, and the increase in human population. Coastal dunes are used by humans for mining, waste-water disposal, housing and many more. The activities create problems including sand inundation and species loss. Coastal development is occurring all over the world, due to the demand of humans to live near water. Most coastal development involves the process of flattening the parallel dunes to build, and sometimes even the foredune. These actions result in the flow of sand inland being disrupted, and the protective barrier situated between the land and the sea vanishes. Another form of coastal development affecting coastal dunes is reclamation. Reclamation involves building a wall that is some distance off the coast and filling in behind the wall. It is done to extend the land out into water, and although it is positive for humans it is extremely harmful to dune ecosystems, as it alters the movement of sediment along the coast. The areas that are reclaimed are usually tidal floats that often provide sand for dune development and growth. Humans also destroy the coastal dunes through the recreational practices that take place. When people try to make their way to beaches they usually along the plants. This creates holes in the dunes and invites resilient weeds who can cope with trampling to grow. Most vegetation degradation occurs in the foredune, which happens to be the most important part of the dune system, as it protects the least stable component of the dune system. The weight of vehicles and other means of transport compact the sand, resulting in the sand having less oxygen and therefore less plant growth. For example in Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada research has found that the increase number of vehicles having access to the dunes and beaches has caused the deeper sand to become compact, and surface sand to loosen. The loosened sand becomes vulnerable to wind erosion, and causes a decrease in the rate of organic decay and consequently the rate of soil formation is reduced. The research also found that where vehic les had treded on the vegetation, there was greater wind velocity, as there was less vegetation to be a force slowing the wind. Coastal dunes are very specialised and tenuous. When there is an introduction in a flora and/or fauna species, this creates havoc in the dune ecosystem, as the ecosystem has certain needs to properly function. Some species were once introduced to stabilise the dunes but end up becoming the vulnerability of the dune system. One species that has caused major dune damage is the rabbit. The rabbits were introduced to Australia by the First Fleet and have been destructive ever since their introduction. Rabbits impact coastal dunes through eating the grasses and other vegetation, reducing the ground cover and they expose sand to wind erosion. An example of floral impact on the coastal dunes is the detrimental bitou bush. The bitou bush a native of Southern Africa was first introduced in the 1920s. Once the bitou bush has entered the dune system it quickly takes over and kills all the native plants. The bitou bush is so successful due to its high-volume of seed production, large root system s and having no predators in Australia. The major problem with the bitou bush is the monoculture it creates on the dune system, with there being no diversity on the ecosystem. If the bitou bush is removed then the sand is left exposed to wind erosion, causing greater problems. Although, the problems created by leaving the bitou bush are far greater than those eliminating the bitou bush, so much of the bitou bush on the coast is being killed. Natural Stresses Coastal environments are constantly changing, especially coastal dunes. These changes are brought on by humans actions and natural stresses placed on the dunes. The major natural factor impacting coastal dunes is storm damage. Storm-induced waves are able to cause a great deal of damage to the structure of the dune system. The ferocious power of the storm can leave the beaches degraded with little sediment, for dune reconstruction to occur, and sometimes even erode the foredune. Structural damage comes in two main forms, one being washovers, and the other being washouts. An example of a major storm damage that has happened was in 1999 where there destruction on the coastline of Byron Bay, New South Wales. The storms were ruthless and the waves were as high as 3-metres. The storms created mass coastal erosion, with washovers taking place in several locations, generating widespread erosion in the adjacent parallel dune system. There was also recently a series of storms that occurred in Byron Bay in 2009. The strong storms meant the New South Wales Government had to fork out around$740,000 for rebuilding and repairs. The seawalls needed repairs while many houses in the area needed rebuilding and money was needed to regenerate the dunes at Belongil Beach. A further example of storms impacting coastal dunes was in Stockton Beach, Newcastle in 2007. The storms occurred over the June long weekend and resulted in approximately 100,000 cubic metres worth of sand being lost, as well as structural damage like erosion around sea walls. This caused major disturbance to the coastal dune functioning, as will take a long time to recover. Dune systems dont have perfectly shaped surfaces. The dunes often have recessions and elevations along the tops of the dunes. When a storm-waves height surpasses the height of a recession in the dune, water seeps into the dune creating a washover. With consecutive, formidable storm-induced waves the washover impression deepens and widens. This results in a greater volume of water being able to spill over and flow inland. In some intense storm events like tropical cyclones, the washover may continue into the inland dunes. Luckily coastal dunes redevelop over time through constructive waves transporting sand to the beach. Although, areas hit by intense, frequent storms go through the rebuilding process much slower, due to a considerable quantity of sand being removed. Recurring, powerful storms also cause damage to the flora of the dune, further decelerating the process of regeneration. An example of how washovers have caused damage to dunes was the major storm damage that occurred at the Newcastle Port in 1974. The storm was called the Sygna Storm due to its ability to shipwreck the MV Sygna heading for Europe. The strom has wind gusts up to 165 kilometres/per hour, and swells were up to and over 17 metres high. The impact of the storm on the dunes was the well-built foredunes had been completely flattened. Washouts are linked with the penetration of sand barriers like those that segregate coastal lagoon from the open sea, after there has been a period of substantial rainfall. Washouts can also occur in dune systems, when there is a build-up of water in the swales that separate dunes. When there are slumps in the dunes surfaces, the water gets directed through the low points and overspills onto the beach, sometimes transport sand with it. ADJUSTMENT IN RESPONSE TO CHANGE Question 3. Compare and contrast the vulnerability and resilience of the two ecosystems at risk. Question 4. Evaluate the traditional and contemporary approaches to management and protection of both ecosystems. The two ecosystems at risk, coral reefs and sand dunes, are both highly specialised, and for this reason there have been many traditional and contemporary management strategies used to sustain them, and keep them as risk free as possible. Coral Reefs Traditional Management Strategies Traditional management approaches were mostly used by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The Aboriginals focused on preserving the reefs and maintaining equilibrium in the ecosystem. The first traditional management plan was season hunting. Season hunting involves hunting only occurring at specific designated times of the year, for example summer. This strategy guarantees that there will be flora and fauna available for the future generations, as well as not severely impacting the process in the food web. The Aboriginals and Islanders only took what resources they needed from the reef, which helped in maintaining dynamic equilibrium in the reef. The strategy has close links to ecological sustainability, as it focuses on protection and fostering the ecosystem. Another impressive traditional management tactic used by the Aboriginals in maintaining the reefs was restrictions on fish sizes. This practice involves only catching fish of a certain length of above. Through this practice the fish of the Great Barrier Reef are given the chance to reproduce at least once before their caught. This lets the ecosystem maintain levels of fauna and as much equilibrium as possible. Add more. Third Traditional Management Strategy Contemporary Management Strategies Coral reefs are also maintained through contemporary management strategies, with one being zoning. Zoning involves establishing what can be done and where it can be done. The purpose of zoning is to diminish stress placed on certain areas of the reef and maintain their ecological sustainability. An example of zoning is allowing commercial fishing to occur in some parts of the reef, while tourism developments can occur in the outer reef area. If imposed properly zoning is a very successful tool in managing and protecting the reefs, as well as allowing present generations to access its natural resources without compromising the reef for future generations. Another way in which reefs can be preserved is through benchmark data. Benchmark data is comparing the ecosystem that is at risk with the standard of that ecosystem. Benchmark data helps in understanding whether the reef ecosystem is at the standard that it should be to be regarded as healthy. For example the standard level globally for the amount of dissolved nitrogen in the water of coral reefs is 0.014ppm. This knowledge would help in knowing if there is too much nitrogen or not enough nitrogen in the water, and humans may then be able to influence its level of nitrogen. Benchmark data is important in interpreting the risk factor the reef ecosystem has. The managing of tourism on the reef is also a significant factor of contemporary management strategies. Tourism generally has a negative impact on the reef, so its important that these tourists learn more about the reefs and the need to manage them. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) makes all tourists pay a certain fee when visiting the reefs, so they can reinvest the money into education about the reefs and to manage them. One of the major issues regarding tourism in reefs is the concentration on certain areas. For example, around 85% of all Great Barrier Reef tourism occurs in the areas of Cairns and Whitsunday Islands. Though they only make up 7% of the entire Great Barrier Reef putting immense risk on these areas. Tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is usually a day trip and mostly spent on reef pontoons. Over the years there have been many pontoon accidents and so the GBRMPA decided to ban all pontoon activity unless granted otherwise. The GBRMPA has also impos ed speed limits in the reef as a way of managing the risks of the reefs. As there are thousands of boats passing through the reef every day, the GBRMPA made speed limits for boats so that the risk faced by the reefs be minimised. Tourism also impacts the wildlife and breeding cycles. Fauna have certain places and times when they are breeding and sometimes humans disturb their cycles, creating disequilibrium in that area. For example research found that many bird species that regularly bred on Michaelmas Cays had stopped breeding due to the growing tourist activity on the island. The Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) are in charge of most islands on which birds breed, and so if there irregularities in bird breeding on an island due to human activity, then the QPWS permanently close the island from humans. Coastal Dunes Traditional Management Strategies Very little is known on the traditional Aboriginal ways of the management of coastal dunes. There is archaeological proof that the Aborigines did frequent the dunes but would have only been used as camp sites or for special ceremonial occasions. The findings of middens, which are mounds of shells that indicate a seafood-based meal had occurred, are indicators to the type of marine environment in the area, and the time that the Aborigines used the resources. ASK MISS ABOUT MANAGEMENT THROUGH MIDDENS. Another traditional management strategy though to be used by the Aborigines was the use of totems. Totems are animals assumed as an emblem to an individual or family. For many Aborigines the totems were an animal ancestor of theirs. Their role was to look after and try to preserve their totem. They were not allowed to eat their totem animals or harm it in anyway. This management strategy helped in making sure species were not overhunted. The most known form of Aboriginal management of coa stal dunes was back-burning or cool burning. Back-burning occurred through fires or fire stick farming, and would occur during cool periods so the fires would not get out of hand and kill the whole ecosystem. ASK MISS ABOUT MANAGEMENT THROUGH FIRES. Contemporary Management Strategies For successful dune protection to occur, the natural functioning of the dune must be sustained, while allowing humans to use the coastal dune ecosystem in a sustainable manner. As dune restoration is extremely costly many bodies of power have used strategies that protect the current dunes, and keep them in the best possible condition. One strategy imposed is land-use controls. Through state and local governments there is the ability to have stricter planning laws on human activities, as undertakings on the coastal ecosystem like residential development has extremely negative consequences on the dunes. Local governments have the power to accept or decline any development applications on the dunes. With this power given to local governments the dune system, and specifically the foredune would be able to function in a more natural state. Fencing is another management strategy against human activities, especially trampling from beach users. Dune fences are usually built around the foredune area, and assist in stopping people from trampling the dune vegetation. Particularly when the vegetation is immature and fragile, as its at its most vulnerable state. The fences are made of timber and wire, allowing wind and sand sediment easy access in and out. Along with fencing, fenced access ways are used for people to get to and from the beach. Fenced access ways are built through the dune, and at an angle to the prevailing wind as it minimises funnelling. They are fenced off to further protect the vegetation. With the fenced access ways many dunes have board and chain paths. The chain and board paths help the coastal dunes through reducing trampling by humans, as well as the timber slats being an obstacle to wind erosion to the exposed sand. http://www.mrstevennewman.com/geo/Stockton/nature_change/Washover.JPG Rise in mean annual sea temperature Water temperature is one of the most important variables determining ecosystem function in the marine environment. External temperature controls metabolic rates, which, during non-stress conditions, increase with increasing temperatures in all but warm-blooded organisms. Consequently, persistent warmer temperatures can accelerate life history and population parameters such as growth and reproductive age, and ecosystem properties such as rates of calcification and community metabolism, until they reach a level where temperature stress accumulates and rates start to decline75. While warmer sea temperatures increase growth rates in some organisms such as fleshy macroalgae, they may slow down growth in others because of the relative lower nutrient concentrations in warmer compared to cooler water. At higher temperatures, water column productivity accelerates, depleting the standing stock of dissolved and particulate nutrients including phyto- and zooplankton (McKinnon et al. chapter 6). For example, kelp and other temperate brown macroalgae grow most prolifically at cooler temperatures where nutrient concentrations are higher than in warmer nutrient-depleted waters18, while the productivity of other macroalgae might increase at higher temperatures (DiazPulido et al. chapter 7). Similar responses are likely to occur in other species groups, exemplifying that shifts in the relative abundances of species are to be expected, with profound but yet poorly understood consequences for ecosystem properties and species interactions. Altered reproductive timing has bee n linked to rising mean annual sea temperature. Of particular concern is a potential desynchronisation of the mass-spawning event of corals that occurs annually in the GBR. Thousands of coral species from unrelated taxa synchronise their annual spawning based on sea temperature and moon phase5. The role temperature plays is demonstrated at Magnetic Island off Townsville, where waters are approximately 1Â °C warmer than in the surrounding region and a proportion of species spawn one month earlier on this reef than conspecifics in cooler waters near-by. Similarly, reproduction of fishes on the GBR appears to be triggered by increasing sea temperature in at least some tropical reef fishes16,17,98,49, including coral trout102. Increased temperature could cause an earlier start to the breeding season in these species, and possibly a longer breeding season if thermal limits for reproduction are not exceeded.